{"id":1777,"date":"2023-08-28T12:58:16","date_gmt":"2023-08-28T20:58:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.inedc.com\/23\/?p=1777"},"modified":"2023-08-28T12:58:16","modified_gmt":"2023-08-28T20:58:16","slug":"valley-fever-fungus-surging-northward-in-california","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.inedc.com\/23\/news\/valley-fever-fungus-surging-northward-in-california\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Valley fever\u2019 fungus surging northward in California"},"content":{"rendered":"
(InEDC) BY SHARON UDASIN\u00a0\r\nPublished: 08\/28\/23 2:46 PM ET<\/pre>\n
\u2018Valley fever\u2019 fungus<\/a> surging northward in California as climate changes<\/p>\n
Workers across California are grappling with a rapidly spreading fungus that can land its unsuspecting victims with prolonged flu-like symptoms, or far worse.<\/p>\n
The culprit is a soil-dwelling organism called coccidioides, which is now spreading the disease coccidioidomycosis \u2014 known as \u201cValley fever\u201d \u2014 farther and farther north of its Southwest origins. Rather than spreading from person to person, Valley fever results from the direct inhalation of fungal spores \u2014 spores high heat is now allowing to flourish in new places.<\/p>\n
While the disease was previously concentrated in California\u2019s lower San Joaquin Valley and in parts of Arizona, its presence has surged over the past 20 years, according to a report from California\u2019s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA).<\/p>\n
\u201cOver the past two decades, California has been seeing dramatically increased incidence in certain areas that are sort of at the fringe of what was historically thought to be the endemic territory<\/em>,\u201d Jennifer Head, an epidemiologist at the University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, told The Hill.<\/p>\n
The annual incidence of reported cases in 2001 was 4.3 per 100,000 people, according to OEHHA figures. In 2021, it had risen to 20.6 per 100,000 people.<\/p>\n
Although most people who contract Valley fever experience self-limited respiratory symptoms that last for a few weeks to months, about 5 percent to 10 percent exhibit more serious health consequences, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<\/p>\n
Those complications include long-term problems in the lungs, as well as infection spread to the bones, joints or central nervous system.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhen an individual inhales the spore, it takes about seven to 21 days to show symptoms<\/em>,\u201d Head said.<\/p>\n
Most likely to inhale the fungus are farmers, field workers and construction crews \u2014 or \u201canyone who is outside and interacting with the soil<\/em>,\u201d according to Head.<\/p>\n
The California Department of Public Health has also identified disproportionate spread among Hispanic and Latino residents, with 47.4 percent of cases occurring in these communities, which only represent 37.3 percent of California\u2019s total population.<\/p>\n
Meanwhile, residents of Black or Filipino background, as well as pregnant individuals, older adults and people with weakened immune systems have a greater risk of contracting severe disease, the OEHHA noted.<\/p>\n
Two species of soil-dwelling coccidioides can cause Valley fever \u2014 one particular to California and the other primarily in Arizona and other parts of the Southwestern U.S. and Central and South America, per the OEHHA.<\/p>\n
While the \u201cValley\u201d in Valley fever refers to California\u2019s Central Valley, cases have increasingly been detected in both adjacent counties and in locations farther north over the past decade, according to the OEHHA.<\/p>\n
\u201cAs the climate is warming and places are getting drier, these areas now have enough heat and enough dryness for the dispersion of the spores to take place,<\/em>\u201d Head told The Hill.<\/p>\n
During periods of drought, dust and particulate matter that contain coccidioides spores can spread deeper into the soil and lay dormant far underground, the OEHHA noted. But when rain returns, that dormant fungus becomes active and plentiful.<\/p>\n
\u201cChange is really not about consistently hot or cold or wet and dry<\/em>,\u201d Shaun Yang, a clinical microbiologist at UCLA Health, told The Hill. \u201cIt\u2019s really going from one extreme to the other extreme, very rapidly<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n
This type of weather shift \u201ccreates a perfect moment for cocci<\/em>,\u201d he added, using another common name for Valley fever.<\/p>\n
\u201cEarlier this year, we had so much rain, it just flooded everywhere, and then we really had three or four months of no rain<\/em>,\u201d Yang said. \u201cAnd now, suddenly, we have this tropical storm that [came] out of nowhere<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n
With a few dry months now in the forecast, he said the state is seeing a pattern of \u201cvery extreme, hot and cold, wet and dry.\u201d<\/p>\n
Head echoed Yang\u2019s sentiments that when a wet period follows drought, the effect on coccidioides spread is even more powerful.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe would expect that this wet winter did give the fungus enough moisture to grow<\/em>,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n
Coccidioides can grow in soil \u2014 developing long branching chains underground before fragmenting in the soil into individual spores, according to Head.<\/p>\n
Those spores can then become airborne either via wind, erosion of the soils or via direct digging in the ground, she explained.<\/p>\n
Head and her colleagues showed how drought conditions are exacerbating the transmission of coccidioides in an October 2022 report, analyzing more than 81,000 Valley fever surveillance records amassed by state and local agencies over two decades.<\/p>\n
They found that in 2016-17, two wet years that followed a 2012-15 drought, there were almost 2,500 excess cases of Valley fever that could be attributed to the impacts of drought on disease spread.<\/p>\n
Scientists have two main hypotheses as to why coccidioides can thrive during drought \u2014 the first being that potential competitors in the soil die off, according to Head.<\/p>\n
\u201cBut coccidioides is pretty hardy, so it\u2019s maybe just hanging out in the soil and in a spore form and then when the rains do return, it can grow without as much competition<\/em>,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n
A second hypothesis cited by Head is that the fungal growth follows the life cycle of rodents, which provide nutrients to the soil through their skin, hair, nails and dead bodies.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhen wet conditions return following a drought, the rodent population sort of skyrockets back up again<\/em>,\u201d Head added.<\/p>\n
In addition to the impacts of drought, increased winds and wildfire could also be inducing spore spread, according to the OEHHA. Outbreaks have occurred among wildland firefighters, particularly those engaged in activities that cause soil disruption, per the research.<\/p>\n
The OEHHA report likewise highlighted \u201cthe potential for an extension of Valley fever season, leaving residents and summer visitors in endemic areas more vulnerable to infection for longer periods of time.\u201d<\/p>\n
As the coccidioides fungus \u2014 and therefore Valley fever \u2014 spreads north, an added complication is the fact that physicians outside of California may not be as familiar with the illness, according to Yang.<\/p>\n
\u201cUntil recently, maybe until five years ago, cocci has been really seen as very endemic only to Southwestern states<\/em>,\u201d he continued. \u201cIt\u2019s very unfamiliar for doctors in other areas such as more northern or more mountain areas<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n
But Yang said it\u2019s possible that the fungus could spread to \u201cthe whole west side of the United States<\/em>,\u201d or west of Mississippi.<\/p>\n
States such as Montana, Idaho and Washington \u2014 which has already experienced some incidence of Valley fever \u2014 could see increased cases in the future, according to Yang.<\/p>\n
Washington \u201chad a very dry year last year and they also have a lot of farms, so all of these are perfect conditions for cocci,<\/em>\u201d he said.<\/p>\n
While elements of coccidioides spore spread are unique among other microorganisms, Yang said he also views the fungus and the disease it causes as representative of other climate driven illnesses on the rise.<\/p>\n
\u201cFor almost 100 years, we didn\u2019t really have locally transmitted malaria, and now we are seeing malaria being found in Florida locally transmitted<\/em>,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n
Also problematic is the difficulties doctors face treating Valley fever, particularly in immunocompromised patients, as antifungals effective enough to quash coccidioides don\u2019t really exist, according to Yang.<\/p>\n
Cocci patients at his hospital come in \u201con a daily basis<\/em>,\u201d and some present with invasive infections such as cavitary lung lesions, neuromas or even meningitis, he noted.<\/p>\n
While potential vaccines to combat Valley fever are under investigation, Yang said he believes that such a tool would probably only provide a limited response.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Two species of soil-dwelling coccidioides can cause Valley fever \u2014 one particular to California and the other primarily in Arizona.  \u201cWhen an individual inhales the spore, it takes about seven to 21 days to show symptoms,\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1778,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"source_name":"The Hill","source_url":"https:\/\/thehill.com\/policy\/equilibrium-sustainability\/4172025-valley-fever-fungus-surging-northward-in-california-as-climate-changes\/","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"7","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"0","layout":"no-sidebar-narrow","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"float","share_float_style":"share-normal","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"0","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"1","show_inline_post_related":"1"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":"","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":"","hide":""},"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u2018Valley fever\u2019 fungus surging northward in California - 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